Personal Qualities And Its Impact On The Nation s Largest...

each part: †¢ Personal Qualities (such as independence, willingness to learn, emotional intelligence, adaptability, self-awareness, initiative, reflectiveness, self-confidence, stress tolerance and malleable self-theory) †¢ Core Skills (such as numeracy, language skills, reading effectiveness, information retrieval (effective use of technology and media devices), self-management, critical analysis, creativity, written communication, oral presentations, explaining (orally and in writing), global awareness and listening) †¢ Process Skills (Computer literacy, commercial awareness, political sensitivity, ability to work cross-culturally, ethical sensitivity, prioritizing, planning, applying subject understanding, acting morally, coping with ambiguity and complexity, problem solving, influencing, resolving conflicts, decision making, arguing for and/or justifying a point of view or a course of action, negotiating and team work) According to the United nations, Nigeria is one of the few countries experiencing a ‘Youth Bulge’ (a phenomenon whereby the country’s largest population group is below the age of 24) and it is estimated that by 2025, 25% of world youth population will be found in Africa alone as the continent tends towards urbanization (Zille and Benjamin, 2011), a situation which will greatly affect Nigeria and its high youth population due to the increasing rate of unemployment in the country. While this high abundance of human resource should be a blessing to the nation,Show MoreRelatedPolicy Making : Reinventing Healthcare Part Two849 Words   |  4 Pagesact/s, which could include expulsion from Indiana Wesleyan University. Policy Making: Reinventing Healthcare Part Two The object of this reaction paper is the continued exploration of the ramifications of policy making in the reinvention of health care. The premise of the panel discussion was the current American health care system is financially unsustainable and morally untenable. Further, the current health care delivery system is not meeting the basic health care needs of societal members.Read MoreDecolonization Of The Country Of Ghana1504 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most desirable qualities to achieve is independence. Whether it be regarding intellectual, financial, or emotional aspects of life, striving for independence continues to be a universal concept. For the country of Ghana, independence became a necessity, and this type of freedom could only be obtained through a process called decolonization. Decolonization is when a country removes itself from a location it has colonized, leaving that location independent to govern over itself. The natureRead MoreIndonesi A Country Of Indonesia1 545 Words   |  7 Pagesone nation (Wanandi, 2002). Jusuf Wanandi (2002) stated that this is due to the Dutch colonialism in the form of the Netherlands East Indies that led to the establishment of the Indonesian nation and state. Indonesia is also known as the largest Muslim country in Southeast Asia as there are 90 percent of Indonesians are Muslim, the other would be Prostestants, Catholics, Hindus and Buddhists (Wanandi, 2002). Indonesia also famously known with their culture and customs due to its diverse nation (kwintessentialRead MoreIn A Postmodern Industrialized Nation Like The United States1424 Words   |  6 Pagesindustrialized nation like the United States of America, it is crucial to the operation of our society, that we continue to promote the kind of personal freedom and individual success that has been fundamental for advancing our society in the past. This means that as far as the U.S. citizen is concerned, everyone should be given the opportunity to educate the mselves and improve their social and economic position to the best of their ability. As Americans, we should have the right to make our own personal contributionRead MoreThe Population Of The United States1633 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States, the overall population is getting older with many Americans living into their 70s, 80s, and beyond. The nation is now and will be confronted with the challenge of preparing to meet the financial demands of a continually aging population. The proportion of the population aged 65 years and older is expected to increase from 12.4% in 2000 to 19.6% in 2030; this is an increase to about 72 million. The number of persons aged 80 years and older is expected to increase from 9.3 millionRead MoreThe United Arab Emirates ( Uae )1790 Words   |  8 Pagescountry and its culture. In a country, its culture can impact globalization and how the world communicates and practices business. Other main forces associated with globalization include te chnology, trade and integration, offshoring and outsourcing, migration, transportation, environmental pollution. These forces have many different impacts for domestic companies, workers, farmers, indigenous cultures, and even different demographic groups within a country. Furthermore, as countries’ around theRead MoreThe World Bank s Support For The Construction Of The Nam Theun 2 Dam1326 Words   |  6 PagesA World Bank Failure This paper explores the World Bank’s support for the construction of the Nam Theun 2 Dam, located in the Lao People s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), in Southeast Asia. The problems created by this project are examined along with the question of whether or not international financial institutions (IFI), such as the World Bank (herein after referred to as â€Å"the Bank†) are able to provide assistance in an objective, unbiased and responsible manner. Nam Theun 2 Dam Project OverviewRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1737 Words   |  7 PagesFirst, what is the achievement gap? According to the achievement gap in education refers to systematic variances in the ability to learn between students from majority populations and students from minority populations. The most significant effort made by the federal government to improve the nation s schools and student learning is the 2002 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The ESEA was largely designed to address the achievement gap in multicultural educationRead MoreHealth Policy and Values1583 Words   |  7 Pageseveryday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities(WHO, 2014). Health care policies are defined and implied by government for the betterment of general health of the public. This paper heavily distributed between personal views, religious implications and beliefs; moreover, writers view point on health policy. Personal Values and Spiritual Beliefs The writer, is born and raised in India. Raised in an upperRead MoreThe Effects Of Poverty On The Development Of Emotional Problems Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesmental illness and poverty and make recommendations for improvement. Poverty can have a substantial impact on both mental and physical wellbeing. People with low socioeconomic status have stressful lives that can be plagued with poor physical health and malnutrition. Low wages, lack of savings, lack of food security, crowded housing, unemployment or underemployment can lead to a limited sense of personal control, hopelessness and inferiority. The impoverished also have a higher incidence of depression

Visual Propaganda For Armed Conflict Comment - 2298 Words

Edward Helbling Visual Propaganda for Armed Conflict Comment by Grammarly: Deleted:a Professor McCrery 3/30/16 During World War II, the Nazis propaganda machine was the primary tool to win over the minds of millions of Germans who did not initially support Hitler and the Nazis? anti-Semitic agenda. Josef Goebbels was the man most responsible for the Nazi?s racist indoctrination of the Germans, as the Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. He led the national takeover of all forms of media and entertainment that targeted and eventually penetrated the educational, recreational and religious institutions of Germany. Goebbels? goal was to depict the Jewish community as ?not German? and also as a group of people who had no loyalty to Germany, and even establish them as less than human through the Nazi Eugenics ideology. These myths were mostly perpetuated by films, rallies, books, newspapers, and posters. These efforts continued systematically despite efforts by anti-Nazi groups like the European Union and the White Rose, groups who were composed of anti-fascist Germans who produced many anti-Nazis propaganda leaflets during the war. These groups despised Nazism and wrote newsletters leaflets debunking the myths orchestrated by the Nazis propaganda machine, however their efforts were largely unsuccessful, as millions of German citizens believed the Nazi rhetoric regarding the Jews (ushmm.org). Much of the Nazi message was targeted towards German youth by controllingShow MoreRelatedMedia Propaganda9887 Words   |  40 PagesMedia propaganda Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position. As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda, in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. Propaganda often presents facts selectively (thus possibly lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or uses loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presentedRead MoreRole of Media in Pakistan5662 Words   |  23 Pagesmanufacturing in Pakistan. New local government system in 2001 and 2002 the urgency to provide electronic media at the grass-roots level. Allowing media freedom was not a choice for Pakistan’s establishments. It was their compulsion. During the Kargil conflict the Pakistani establishment had learnt the bitter lesson that PTV commanded only a limited audience. People watched Zee News and other Indian channels to get the other side of the story. In this backdrop it was decided the Pakistan needed its ownRead MoreSSD2 Module 4 Notes Essay28478 Words   |  114 Pagesmodification. Things that we would call beliefs are often thought of by other cultures as just the way things are - matters of fact, not opinion. Religious belief systems in particular and other aspects of locals world view can be driving motivators for conflict; economics is not the only reason people fight. Power Systems In most cultures, any visible formal power structure will lie over a more fundamental, less formal, structure of influence. This underlying power system will often be based on patron-clientRead MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 PagesPROPAGANDA By EDWARD L. BERNAYS 1928 CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. ORGANIZING CHAOS .................................................. THE NEW PROPAGANDA ............................................ THE NEW PROPAGANDISTS .... 9 19 32 47 62 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PUBLIC RELATIONS BUSINESS AND THE PUBLIC .... PROPAGANDA AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP 92 WOMENS ACTIVITIES AND PROPAGANDA . . . 115 121 135 141 150 PROPAGANDA FOR EDUCATION PROPAGANDA IN SOCIAL SERVICERead MoreRace Film : The Great And Only Essay10250 Words   |  41 Pageswould not permit a romantic hero to be responsible for a death (74). Cripps states, â€Å"The Scar of Shame (1927) cannot be judged as an ordinary melodrama. The incidents of plot, setting, and character are [too] dense with social meanings that provide visual signals through which a sensitive viewer perceives an anatomy of Black social life and the social message beneath the contrived plot† (74). The social message beneath what Cripps refers to as a contrived plot merits a closer examination at thisRead MoreBerlin Wall6826 Words   |  28 PagesOnce the proud capital of Germany Berlin was divided by a barrier that was patrolled day and night by armed soldiers and guard dogs. On August 13, 1961 shortly after midnight police and soldiers in the Communist controlled Berlin moved quickly to set up barriers. Berliners woke to find their city divided into east and west sectors. A communist nation led by the Soviet Union was in control of East Berlin. While West Berlin was controlled by a democratic nation led by the United States (Epler,Read MoreImpact of Print Media on Society10439 Words   |  42 Pagesbehavior (Anderson, 2004, p. 113). Concern over media content started before the reaction to Rhett Butler’s infamous parting profanity in the 1939 epic ―Gone with the Wind.â€â€" Research pioneers Harold Laswell and Paul F. Lazarsfeld studied the effects of propaganda and radio in the 1930s (Rogers, 1994). More recently, populist voices have responded to parental alarm at media content. In 1998, a full-page New York Times advertisement endorsed by veteran actor Steve Allen called on concerned parents who wereRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesl ate 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century world order. On the other, it perverselyRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pages1634) to Elias Ashmole (d. 1692) to William Lilly (d. 1681). E.M. Butler wrongly associates it with Gio. Peccatrix, (no doubt a pseudonym) who edited an Italian version of the Key of Solomon (British Library, Sloane manuscript 1307). Misled by some comments by Mathers and others, Dr. Butler incorrectly concluded that the Picatrix was â€Å"an Italian edition of the Clavicle, strongly impregnated with black elements† (Ritual Magic, 1949, p. 135.) Recent editions include: Arabic Pseudo-Magriti, Das Ziel desRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesthe 1970s, to the â€Å"coronation† of Bob Marley as a culture hero in the late 1970s, and ï ¬ nally to the culture tourism of the 1980s and 1990s. Rastas inï ¬â€šuence on Jamaicas indigenous culture is quite pervasive, especially in popular parlance, the visual arts, tourist art, and the performing arts. However, their most celebrated contribution INTRODUCTION 5 is to the development of reggae music, which Jamaicans regard as their cultural contribution to the world. Later I will return to these

Biomedical Science Focused on the Diagnosis and Therapy

Question: Compare the immunohistochemistry with next generation sequencing in regards to cholorectal cancer, in which biomarkers and other aspects are to be explained. The cases are present on an histology interface look through Patxl for the login details. navigate through the interface and the histology slides, and are to be screen captured in high quality, in the tabs on the left with noting for the scale and zoom, and be used as example to demonstrate points across. Answer: Summary This portfolio has been focused on the diagnosis and therapy of colorectal cancer with the consideration of patient case studies. In recent reports, it has noted by World Health Organization (WHO) that, there will be 1.477.402 new colorectal cancers in 2015, along with 752.731 deaths (Cunningham et al. 2014). In this portfolio, the diagnostic and therapeutic processes have been focused. The initial diagnosis with MRI and PET scan and final diagnosis with biopsies, H E, IHC and molecular testing has been discussed. In this portfolio, the importance of these diagnostic processes for determining the appropriate therapeutic combinations was discussed (Diaz et al. 2012). The genetic and molecular basis and origin of colorectal cancer as well as staging process has been discussed. Discussion The discussion is mainly based on colorectal cancer or colorectal adenocarcinoma. There are two patients, who are the major concern of this discussion. The immunohistochemistry and next generation sequencing is two important diagnostic tool and these are used for diagnosing the root or reason of colon cancer. The sequencing technologies are more advanced technologies and are very useful for identifying genetic mutations in signaling pathways by comparing with the wild-type genetic sequencing, thereby confirming cancer (Diaz-Rubio et al. 2012). The discussion will include the knowledge of the molecular basis of colorectal cancer development, therapeutic and prevention strategies with the use of example colorectal case studies. In the case scenario, two cases have been discussing. In one case, the patient is a 65 years old male patient had a change of his bowel habit as well as rectal bleeding. The patient had a history of prostate cancer. The patient was diagnosed with the adenocarcinoma and at his age, he is expected to develop colorectal cancer. It is because report suggested that, 95% of colorectal cancer occurs after 50 years of age (Kressner et al. 2011). The gastroenterologist examined the abdomen and performed a rectal examination that was found to be unremarkable. The purpose if the rectal examination was to ensure the origin of patients symptoms including changed bowel and rectal bleeding. It has been found that, 15% of colorectal cancers have a family history of inherited disease including adenomatosis polyps, Lynch syndrome, anal fissures etc. (Liao et al. 2012). Therefore, rectal examination helps to identify the origin of the disease symptoms. However, in this case, the patient might be subjected to radiotherapy for treating prostate cancer. Therefore, the mucosal lesion can be the caused due to irradiation. In the next stage, the CT scan was performed for more in-depth investigation. The scan found a tumor in recto-sigmoid colon along with a small-uncharacterized nodule in liver. After an initial diagnosis of the tumor through CT scan, the characteristic of tumor cells should be confirmed, whether the tumor is benign or malignant (Meyerhardt and Mayer 2011). For ensuring the nature of the tumor, the biopsy was done, as a final diagnosis of cancer. One technique for confirming the metastasis of malignant tissues is the PET scan and biopsy of the liver, thereby directing the way of management. The PET scan helps to provide information about the nature of liver nodule. In PET scan, no suspicious areas were identified, but the lesion appeared as hot. In PET scan, the areas that show hot have a tendency to consist malignant cells. Usually, the malignant cells can metabolize glucose faster than the normal cells and these areas appear as hot in PET scan. However, these are not a true indicator of malignancy. The liver nodule, in this case, appeared as hot'. Thus, to confirm the malignancy, MDT recommended liver biopsy based on morphology and lineage markers (Misale et al. 2012). The HE (haemotoxylin and eosin) test confirmed the malignant nature of liver nodule. Therefore, the liver nodule was a suspect for malignancy. The liver MRI is performed for characterizing the liver lesion. The MRI will also help to determine the respectability of the hepatic lesion; that is if the liver lesion is considered as resectable or not. In this scenario, the patient showed the resectable tumor . As the tumor identified as resectable, the resection of the primary tumor was recommended. Before resection, the tumor stage should be diagnosed as Dukes or TNM classification. The TNM staging system provides the evaluation of tumor involvement of nodes and organ metastasis. The patients tumor was identified to be in the stage pT3 N1 M1 (Schoen et al. 2012). The stage defined the nature of the malignant tumor and metastasis. T3 provides the information that cancer has grown through the whole colon or rectum wall; N1 provides the information that cancer has been found in 1-3 lymph nodes and M1 indicates cancer is found in the distant organ. Therefore, it can be said that, in this patient, the TNM classification indicated the metastasis of cancer. Another important diagnostic tool is immunohistochemistry with lineage biomarker assessment. For this patient, the CK antibodies those are the antibodies against keratins (K), were used as lineage biomarker (Scott et al. 2012). The keratins are filaments found in epithelial cells. There are 20 different keratins found and present as heterodimers including type A and type B. The presence of different types of keratin depends specifically upon the cellular lineage and composition of the tissue. The K7 is found to be expressed in biliary cells or liver. On the other hand, the K20 is expressed in the cells of the intestinal and gastric mucosa. Therefore, the immunohistochemistry is an important tool providing confirm an indication of metastasis if CK20 is found in liver biopsies that might be brought in the liver tissue through metastasis (Sinicrope and Sargent 2012). As the patien t had a history of prostate cancer, the presence of biomarker lineage PSA would also be tested. The negative CK20 provides evidence against the primary hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the presence of CDX2 was found that is highly specific for intestinal adenocarcinomas. Therefore, the immunohistochemistry found the origin of CRC as metastasis. Figure: Control (L) and Liver core Bx (IHC, CK 20) (Source: Sui et al. 2014) The doctor suggested the adjuvant therapy for this patient after the resection of the colon with hepatic metastasis. However, in the case of drug choice for targeted adjuvant therapy, molecular testing is important, for which the next generation sequencing is an efficient tool for identifying the genetic mutation, it identifies if the genes become active, missing or changed, undergoing a mutation. It is also important for selecting therapies based on the origin and nature of malignancy. The H E staining in biopsy is important for identifying morphological changes in tissue. The H E staining biopsy found the presence of invasive adenocarcinoma; the cancerous cells are found at the center (Tejpar et al. 2012). Figure: H E Staining: Rectosigmoid adenocarcinoma (Source: Vale et al. 2012) The classical adjuvant therapy of CRC metastasis includes 5-flurouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin along with oxaliplatin or irinotecan in a combination. More specific drug include the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies like panitumumab and cetuximab, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-A antibody including bevacizumab and anti-angiogenic compounds like aflibercept and regorafenib (Vanneman et al. 2012). However, selection of drug is important for successful treatment that is based on evaluating the origin of cancer that can be confirmed with only molecular testing. The H E staining can confirm the tumor malignancy through its morphology and it cannot identify the molecular basis of cancer-based on which the therapy would be recommended, however, molecular testing is the most appropriate test for confirming the molecular origin of malignancy. Through next generation sequencing, the KRAS mutation was found in the patient. It is very important in therapy because, in KRAS and NRAS mutation, anti-EGFR drugs will not be applicable. Figure: Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer (Source: Watanabe et al. 2012) The Kras gene is a molecular switch when it is turned on; it activates the proteins necessary for the proliferation of receptors and growth factors signals including c-Raf and PI 3-kinase. It also upregulates glucose transporter, thus, the patient's lesion showed as hot' in PET scan. It is a proto-oncogene and a single amino acid substitution can transform the protein leading to malignancy. In this patient case, molecular testing revealed p. G12C (GlyCys) GGTTGT The gene is involved in the canonical pathway of CRC carcinogenesis including chromosome instability (Zauber et al. 2012). The kras helps to couple the EGFR with intracellular cascade, thereby activating the downward cascade and stimulates cell proliferation of colonic epithelium. In this pathway, the kras mutation activates the some downward signaling which causes rapid chromosomal gain or loss, while combined with inactivation of APC tumor-suppressor gene, thereby leading to aneuploidy or loss of heterozygosity. Figure: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) testing for KRAS mutation (Source: Saltz et al. 2011) In some studies, it has been found that a protein of KRAS pathway, BRAF mutation also contributes in 5-10% CRC cases. BRAF and NRAS are two players in KRAS pathway and mutation of these genes activates RAS-RAF-MAPK pathways, downstream of EGFR. This is why NRAS and BRAF were tested for the case study patient (Saltz et al. 2011). Figure: Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer inn KRAS signaling pathway (Source: Zauber et al. 2012) The patient can be treated with Bevacizumab, an mAb targeting VEGF-A, an angiogenic factor, as the drug is a reliable therapeutic option for patients with RAS family mutation and therefore, it will be suitable for the case study patient. In addition, Regorafenib is a tyrosin kinase inhibitor that can block VEGF receptor and a third line treatment of mCRC. Therefore, these can be effective for the patient. The patient was treated with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and oxaliplatin. The in vitro animal and clinical studies provided showed that p53 is required for responding to 5-FU based chemotherapies. It study by Sui et al. (2014) provided the fact that; 5-FU causes aberrant autophagy in the p53 mutant cells. Research also showed that JNK activation as well as phosphorylation of Bcl-2 induces 5-FU induced autophagy. Bcl-2 is phosphorylated by p53mutation, thereby resulting in 5-FU resistance. This research has several impact upon the case study results. Figure: KRAS mutation and anti-EGFR therapy (Source: Sinicrope and Sargent 2012) In this case, the 65-years old patient failed to respond against the 5-FU, leucovorin and oxaliplatin and the malignant cells metastasized to liver and lung. It might be due to the simulations p53 mutation of cancerous tissue, thereby making those cells 5-FU resistant. Another case study, the patient is 75-years old female, who has prostate cancer in before. In this case, the patient has been diagnosed with Dukes A stage of colorectal carcinoma. According to the TNM classification, cancer has grown into a thick muscular layer of the colon or rectum and there was no spread in lymph nodes and no metastasis. Thus, no resection of the colon was needed. The histological staging found moderately differential adenocarcinoma (Meyerhardt and Mayer 2011). The patient was treated with 5-FU, leucovorin and oxaliplatin, but developed liver and lung metastasis. Therefore, this patient was also indicating the p53 mutation. Immunohistochemistry method for detecting p53 expression in the malignant tissue. The natural history of CRC should be understood for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Some genes are related to heredity like the genes of Axin2, POLD and TGFR2, inhibition of which predispose the risk of CRC (Iacopetta et al. 2013). Excessive red meat and alcohol consumption enhance the risk. Inflammatory bowel disease is another risk factor of CRC-related to heredity. However, according to the somatic mutation theory of cancer, cancer is caused by mutation of somatic cells, rather than germ cells through the nonlethal mutation related to the increased proliferation of mutant cells. There was no family history of cancer of the patient. Therefore, in the case scenario of 65-years old patient, radiation of colon during the treatment of prostate cancer might be the reason of KRAS mutation. Overview The major focus of the portfolio was to discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic measures of colorectal cancer. This portfolio helped to build sufficient understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanism of the origination of cancer and prognosis of cancer. The portfolio helped to develop knowledge on the particular diagnostic tools for the specific stage of cancer. The focus of this portfolio is colorectal cancer or adenocarcinoma (Kressner et al. 2011). The portfolio also highlighted the knowledge of cancer staging based on two tools, the TNM system and Dukes classification. The portfolio included the comparison of the histological and molecular diagnostic processes. For the patient, the primary diagnosis included the CT scan and rectal examination through PET scan (Diaz-Rubio et al. 2012). The patient was diagnosed with the rectosigmoid tumor. However, the final diagnosis was done with H E and IHC biopsy. These tests are reliable enough for determining the presence and morphological appearance of the tumor and malignancy. However, it has also been revealed that the molecular testing is important for confirming the origin of the malignancy. The MRI test helped in defining the lesion. The patient was also diagnosed with the small nodule in liver and PET scan was useful for indicating the risk of malignancy of that nodule. The HE confirmed the malignant tissue in that nodule. The patients tumor was resectable (Iacopetta 2013). At this point, it was revealed from the portfolio that the diagnosis is needed before resection of cancerous tissue to know the status of the tissue, whether the resection is suitable or not. However, the molecular testing is needed for identifying which gene is involved in the development of cancer and which internal pathway has been disturbed. It is important for selecting the correct therapeutic pathway. For molecular testing, the next generation sequencing was followed, KRAS, NRAS and BRAF were tested and a point mutation was found in KRAS gene sequence. This diagnostic finding directed the therapeutic pathway for the patient. The common anti-EGRF drugs are not applicable to the patients having this kind of mutation. Therefore, the portfolio highlighted the importance of molecular testing and H E testing over H E testing alone (Meyerhardt and Mayer 2011). The molecular biomarkers were also tested, like CK20 and CK7, as these markers are lineage specific and any abnormality in their location can indicate cancer occurrence. Therefore, these findings are also helpful in directing the cancer treatment. Besides the KRAS mutation, the importance of p53 mutation was also analyzed through this case study, as the patient failed to response the combined adjuvant therapy including 5-FU, thereby indicating the possibility of p53 m utation (Iacopetta et al. 2013). This portfolio analyzed another case study of a patient with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, for this patient no resection was recommended. At this point, the significance of staging process of cancer is revealed. From the study, new possible cancer therapies can be discussed including the therapies targeting cancer stem cells, some self-renewal pathways like Wnt, PTEN and Hedgehog with human monoclonal antibodies. However, it has been revealed that most of the CRCs originate from benign tumors, thus the focus of the research can also be diverted toward the development of new and more efficient screening procedures for early cancer detection (Cunningham et al. 2014). Reference List Cunningham, D., Humblet, Y., Siena, S., Khayat, D., Bleiberg, H., Santoro, A., Bets, D., Mueser, M., Harstrick, A., Verslype, C. and Chau, I., 2014. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer.New England journal of medicine,351(4), pp.337-345. Diaz Jr, L.A., Williams, R.T., Wu, J., Kinde, I., Hecht, J.R., Berlin, J., Allen, B., Bozic, I., Reiter, J.G., Nowak, M.A. and Kinzler, K.W., 2012. The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers.Nature,486(7404), pp.537-540. Daz-Rubio, E., Gmez-Espaa, A., Massut, B., Sastre, J., Abad, A., Valladares, M., Rivera, F., Safont, M.J., de Prado, P.M., Galln, M. and Gonzlez, E., 2012. First-line XELOX plus bevacizumab followed by XELOX plus bevacizumab or single-agent bevacizumab as maintenance therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: the phase III MACRO TTD study.The oncologist,17(1), pp.15-25. Iacopetta, B., 2013. TP53 mutation in colorectal cancer.Human mutation,21(3), pp.271-276. Kressner, U., Ingans, M., Byding, S., Blikstad, I., Phlman, L., Glimelius, B. and Lindmark, G., 2011. Prognostic value of p53 genetic changes in colorectal cancer.Journal of clinical oncology,17(2), pp.593-593. Liao, X., Lochhead, P., Nishihara, R., Morikawa, T., Kuchiba, A., Yamauchi, M., Imamura, Y., Qian, Z.R., Baba, Y., Shima, K. and Sun, R., 2012. Aspirin use, tumor PIK3CA mutation, and colorectal-cancer survival.New England Journal of Medicine,367(17), pp.1596-1606. Meyerhardt, J.A. and Mayer, R.J., 2011. Systemic therapy for colorectal cancer.New England Journal of Medicine,352(5), pp.476-487. Misale, S., Yaeger, R., Hobor, S., Scala, E., Janakiraman, M., Liska, D., Valtorta, E., Schiavo, R., Buscarino, M., Siravegna, G. and Bencardino, K., 2012. Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer.Nature,486(7404), pp.532-536. Saltz, L.B., Cox, J.V., Blanke, C., Rosen, L.S., Fehrenbacher, L., Moore, M.J., Maroun, J.A., Ackland, S.P., Locker, P.K., Pirotta, N. and Elfring, G.L., 2011. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer.New England Journal of Medicine,343(13), pp.905-914. Schoen, R.E., Pinsky, P.F., Weissfeld, J.L., Yokochi, L.A., Church, T., Laiyemo, A.O., Bresalier, R., Andriole, G.L., Buys, S.S., Crawford, E.D. and Fouad, M.N., 2012. Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy.New England Journal of Medicine,366(25), pp.2345-2357. Scott, A.M., Wolchok, J.D. and Old, L.J., 2012. Antibody therapy of cancer.Nature Reviews Cancer,12(4), pp.278-287. Sinicrope, F.A. and Sargent, D.J., 2012. Molecular pathways: microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic implications.Clinical cancer research,18(6), pp.1506-1512. Sui, X., Kong, N., Wang, X., Fang, Y., Hu, X., Xu, Y., Chen, W., Wang, K., Li, D., Jin, W. and Lou, F., 2014. JNK confers 5-fluorouracil resistance in p53-deficient and mutant p53-expressing colon cancer cells by inducing survival autophagy.Scientific reports,4. Tejpar, S., Celik, I., Schlichting, M., Sartorius, U., Bokemeyer, C. and Van Cutsem, E., 2012. Association of KRAS G13D tumor mutations with outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy with or without cetuximab.Journal of Clinical Oncology,30(29), pp.3570-3577. Vale, C.L., Tierney, J.F., Fisher, D., Adams, R.A., Kaplan, R., Maughan, T.S., Parmar, M.K. and Meade, A.M., 2012. Does anti-EGFR therapy improve outcome in advanced colorectal cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Cancer treatment reviews,38(6), pp.618-625. Vanneman, M. and Dranoff, G., 2012. Combining immunotherapy and targeted therapies in cancer treatment.Nature Reviews Cancer,12(4), pp.237-251. Watanabe, T., Itabashi, M., Shimada, Y., Tanaka, S., Ito, Y., Ajioka, Y., Hamaguchi, T., Hyodo, I., Igarashi, M., Ishida, H. and Ishiguro, M., 2012. Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) guidelines 2010 for the treatment of colorectal cancer.International journal of clinical oncology,17(1), pp.1-29. Zauber, A.G., Winawer, S.J., O'Brien, M.J., Lansdorp-Vogelaar, I., van Ballegooijen, M., Hankey, B.F., Shi, W., Bond, J.H., Schapiro, M., Panish, J.F. and Stewart, E.T., 2012. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths.New England Journal of Medicine,366(8), pp.687-696.